Carlin Long, MD

Professor of Clinical

My basic research interests are on the cell-specific responses to myocardial injury with a particular focus on understanding the role of pro-inflammatory molecules in the transition from compensated to decompensated myocardial failure. For nearly 25 years I have been investigating how cells in the heart “speak” to one another in normal and abnormal growth with a particular interest on the cardiac fibroblasts which initiate the process of scarring within the heart muscle following injury.

My clinical interests are in the arena of risk reduction for patients without known disease (primary prevention) but also in those with established disease (secondary prevention). I am particularly interested in how to engage patients in self-care using the wide variety of apps and wearables which allow for the accumulation of physiologic data over time and in monitoring how these can be modified by both behavioral cues but also in observing the response to therapies in their daily routines. In addition the advent of genome sequence data opens up another area for study in the field of prevention as well as in the patient-specific response to therapy, so-called personalized medicine.

Publications: 

Association of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Cardiopulmonary Long COVID With Exercise Capacity and Chronotropic Incompetence Among People With HIV.

Journal of the American Heart Association

Durstenfeld MS, Peluso MJ, Spinelli MA, Li D, Hoh R, Chenna A, Yee B, Winslow J, Petropoulos C, Gandhi M, Henrich TJ, Aras MA, Long CS, Deeks SG, Hsue PY

Reduced exercise capacity, chronotropic incompetence, and early systemic inflammation in cardiopulmonary phenotype Long COVID.

The Journal of infectious diseases

Durstenfeld MS, Peluso MJ, Kaveti P, Hill C, Li D, Sander E, Swaminathan S, Arechiga VM, Lu S, Goldberg SA, Hoh R, Chenna A, Yee BC, Winslow JW, Petropoulos CJ, Kelly JD, Glidden DV, Henrich TJ, Martin JN, Lee YJ, Aras MA, Long CS, Grandis DJ, Deeks SG, Hsue PY

Association of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Cardiopulmonary Long COVID with Exercise Capacity and Chronotropic Incompetence among People with HIV.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

Durstenfeld MS, Peluso MJ, Spinelli MA, Li D, Hoh R, Gandhi M, Henrich TJ, Aras MA, Long CS, Deeks SG, Hsue PY

Inflammation during early post-acute COVID-19 is associated with reduced exercise capacity and Long COVID symptoms after 1 year.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

Durstenfeld MS, Peluso MJ, Kaveti P, Hill C, Li D, Sander E, Swaminathan S, Arechiga VM, Sun K, Ma Y, Zepeda V, Lu S, Goldberg SA, Hoh R, Chenna A, Yee BC, Winslow JW, Petropoulos CJ, Win S, Kelly JD, Glidden DV, Henrich TJ, Martin JN, Lee YJ, Aras MA, Long CS, Grandis DJ, Deeks SG, Hsue PY

Use of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing to Evaluate Long COVID-19 Symptoms in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

JAMA network open

Durstenfeld MS, Sun K, Tahir P, Peluso MJ, Deeks SG, Aras MA, Grandis DJ, Long CS, Beatty A, Hsue PY

Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 Have Higher Plasma Aldosterone-Renin Ratio and Lower ACE Activity Than Controls.

Journal of the Endocrine Society

Parikh NI, Arowolo F, Durstenfeld MS, Nah G, Njoroge J, Vittinghoff E, Long CS, Ganz P, Pearce D, Hsue P, Wu AHS, Hajizadeh N, Liu KD, Lynch KL

Piezo1 Channel as a Potential Target for Hindering Cardiac Fibrotic Remodeling.

International journal of molecular sciences

Braidotti N, Chen SN, Long CS, Cojoc D, Sbaizero O

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing to evaluate post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 ("Long COVID"): a systematic review and meta-analysis.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

Durstenfeld MS, Sun K, Tahir PM, Peluso MJ, Deeks SG, Aras MA, Grandis DJ, Long CS, Beatty A, Hsue PY

Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of the Literature and Proposed Multidisciplinary Clinical Management Strategy.

Journal of the American Heart Association

Tietjens JR, Claman D, Kezirian EJ, De Marco T, Mirzayan A, Sadroonri B, Goldberg AN, Long C, Gerstenfeld EP, Yeghiazarians Y

3D Carbon-Nanotube-Based Composites for Cardiac Tissue Engineering.

ACS applied bio materials

Martinelli V, Bosi S, Peña B, Baj G, Long CS, Sbaizero O, Giacca M, Prato M, Mestroni L

Contrast-Enhanced Stress Echocardiography and Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Patients Hospitalized With Chest Pain: A Randomized Study.

Critical pathways in cardiology

Salame G, Juselius WE, Burden M, Long CS, Bendelow T, Beaty B, Masoudi FA, Krantz MJ

Biomechanical defects and rescue of cardiomyocytes expressing pathologic nuclear lamins.

Cardiovascular research

Laurini E, Martinelli V, Lanzicher T, Puzzi L, Borin D, Chen SN, Long CS, Lee P, Mestroni L, Taylor MRG, Sbaizero O, Pricl S

Lung Vascular Remodeling, Cardiac Hypertrophy, and Inflammatory Cytokines in SHIVnef-Infected Macaques.

Viral immunology

Almodovar S, Swanson J, Giavedoni LD, Kanthaswamy S, Long CS, Voelkel NF, Edwards MG, Folkvord JM, Connick E, Westmoreland SV, Luciw PA, Flores SC

Injectable Carbon Nanotube-Functionalized Reverse Thermal Gel Promotes Cardiomyocytes Survival and Maturation.

ACS applied materials & interfaces

Peña B, Bosi S, Aguado BA, Borin D, Farnsworth NL, Dobrinskikh E, Rowland TJ, Martinelli V, Jeong M, Taylor MRG, Long CS, Shandas R, Sbaizero O, Prato M, Anseth KS, Park D, Mestroni L

Histone deacetylase adaptation in single ventricle heart disease and a young animal model of right ventricular hypertrophy.

Pediatric research

Blakeslee WW, Demos-Davies KM, Lemon DD, Lutter KM, Cavasin MA, Payne S, Nunley K, Long CS, McKinsey TA, Miyamoto SD

The cell-stretcher: A novel device for the mechanical stimulation of cell populations.

The Review of scientific instruments

Seriani S, Del Favero G, Mahaffey J, Marko D, Gallina P, Long CS, Mestroni L, Sbaizero O

Biomimetic Polymers for Cardiac Tissue Engineering.

Biomacromolecules

Peña B, Martinelli V, Jeong M, Bosi S, Lapasin R, Taylor MR, Long CS, Shandas R, Park D, Mestroni L

Longitudinal Changes in Vascular Risk Markers and Mortality Rates among a Latino Population with Hypertension.

Texas Heart Institute journal

Pflederer MC, Long CS, Beaty B, Havranek EP, Mehler PS, Keniston A, Krantz MJ

Associations of Adiponectin with Adiposity, Insulin Sensitivity, and Diet in Young, Healthy, Mexican Americans and Non-Latino White Adults.

International journal of environmental research and public health

Pereira RI, Low Wang CC, Wolfe P, Havranek EP, Long CS, Bessesen DH

Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on arterial stiffness in patients with hypertension: a randomized pilot study.

Journal of negative results in biomedicine

Krantz MJ, Havranek EP, Pereira RI, Beaty B, Mehler PS, Long CS

The Cardiomyopathy Lamin A/C D192G Mutation Disrupts Whole-Cell Biomechanics in Cardiomyocytes as Measured by Atomic Force Microscopy Loading-Unloading Curve Analysis.

Scientific reports

Lanzicher T, Martinelli V, Puzzi L, Del Favero G, Codan B, Long CS, Mestroni L, Taylor MR, Sbaizero O

AFM single-cell force spectroscopy links altered nuclear and cytoskeletal mechanics to defective cell adhesion in cardiac myocytes with a nuclear lamin mutation.

Nucleus (Austin, Tex.)

Lanzicher T, Martinelli V, Long CS, Del Favero G, Puzzi L, Borelli M, Mestroni L, Taylor MR, Sbaizero O

Analysis of long- and short-range contribution to adhesion work in cardiac fibroblasts: an atomic force microscopy study.

Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications

Sbaizero O, DelFavero G, Martinelli V, Long CS, Mestroni L

Exploring the elasticity and adhesion behavior of cardiac fibroblasts by atomic force microscopy indentation.

Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications

Codan B, Del Favero G, Martinelli V, Long CS, Mestroni L, Sbaizero O

Targeting cardiac fibroblasts to treat fibrosis of the heart: focus on HDACs.

Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology

Schuetze KB, McKinsey TA, Long CS

Effect of class IV laser therapy on chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: a clinical and experimental study.

The American journal of pathology

Ottaviani G, Gobbo M, Sturnega M, Martinelli V, Mano M, Zanconati F, Bussani R, Perinetti G, Long CS, Di Lenarda R, Giacca M, Biasotto M, Zacchigna S

Carbon nanotubes instruct physiological growth and functionally mature syncytia: nongenetic engineering of cardiac myocytes.

ACS nano

Martinelli V, Cellot G, Toma FM, Long CS, Caldwell JH, Zentilin L, Giacca M, Turco A, Prato M, Ballerini L, Mestroni L

MAP kinase kinase kinase-2 (MEKK2) regulates hypertrophic remodeling of the right ventricle in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology

Brown RD, Ambler SK, Li M, Sullivan TM, Henry LN, Crossno JT, Long CS, Garrington TP, Stenmark KR

Carbon nanotubes promote growth and spontaneous electrical activity in cultured cardiac myocytes.

Nano letters

Martinelli V, Cellot G, Toma FM, Long CS, Caldwell JH, Zentilin L, Giacca M, Turco A, Prato M, Ballerini L, Mestroni L

Factors influencing QT prolongation in patients hospitalized with severe anorexia nervosa.

General hospital psychiatry

Krantz MJ, Sabel AL, Sagar U, Long CS, Barbey JT, White KV, Gaudiani JL, Mehler PS

Regulatory T cells limit vascular endothelial injury and prevent pulmonary hypertension.

Circulation research

Tamosiuniene R, Tian W, Dhillon G, Wang L, Sung YK, Gera L, Patterson AJ, Agrawal R, Rabinovitch M, Ambler K, Long CS, Voelkel NF, Nicolls MR

Circulating adiponectin levels are lower in Latino versus non-Latino white patients at risk for cardiovascular disease, independent of adiposity measures.

BMC endocrine disorders

Pereira RI, Wang CC, Hosokawa P, Dickinson LM, Chonchol M, Krantz MJ, Steiner JF, Bessesen DH, Havranek EP, Long CS

Complement C3 serum levels in anorexia nervosa: a potential biomarker for the severity of disease?

Annals of general psychiatry

Flierl MA, Gaudiani JL, Sabel AL, Long CS, Stahel PF, Mehler PS

Cardiac HDAC6 catalytic activity is induced in response to chronic hypertension.

Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology

Lemon DD, Horn TR, Cavasin MA, Jeong MY, Haubold KW, Long CS, Irwin DC, McCune SA, Chung E, Leinwand LA, McKinsey TA

Pulse wave velocity and carotid atherosclerosis in white and Latino patients with hypertension.

BMC cardiovascular disorders

Krantz MJ, Long CS, Hosokawa P, Karimkahani E, Dickinson M, Estacio RO, Masoudi FA, Havranek EP

Congestive Heart Failure home monitoring pilot study in urban Denver.

Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference

Bakhshi S, Li X, Semenov N, Apodaca-Madrid J, Mahoor MH, Newman KE, Long CS, Neuman C

Critical role for death-receptor mediated apoptotic signaling in viral myocarditis.

Journal of cardiac failure

DeBiasi RL, Robinson BA, Leser JS, Brown RD, Long CS, Clarke P

AFos inhibits phenylephrine-mediated contractile dysfunction by altering phospholamban phosphorylation.

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology

Jeong MY, Walker JS, Brown RD, Moore RL, Vinson CS, Colucci WS, Long CS

Chronic pulmonary artery pressure elevation is insufficient to explain right heart failure.

Circulation

Bogaard HJ, Natarajan R, Henderson SC, Long CS, Kraskauskas D, Smithson L, Ockaili R, McCord JM, Voelkel NF

Cardiac cell-specific apoptotic and cytokine responses to reovirus infection: determinants of myocarditic phenotype.

Journal of cardiac failure

Miyamoto SD, Brown RD, Robinson BA, Tyler KL, Long CS, Debiasi RL

Prolonged administration of a dithiol antioxidant protects against ventricular remodeling due to ischemia-reperfusion in mice.

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology

Ambler SK, Hodges YK, Jones GM, Long CS, Horwitz LD

Inpatient initiation of beta-blockade plus nurse management in vulnerable heart failure patients: a randomized study.

Journal of cardiac failure

Krantz MJ, Havranek EP, Haynes DK, Smith I, Bucher-Bartelson B, Long CS

Cytokines regulate matrix metalloproteinases and migration in cardiac fibroblasts.

Biochemical and biophysical research communications

Brown RD, Jones GM, Laird RE, Hudson P, Long CS

Comprehensive coronary artery disease care in a safety-net hospital: results of Get With The Guidelines quality improvement initiative.

Journal of managed care pharmacy : JMCP

Krantz MJ, Baker WA, Estacio RO, Haynes DK, Mehler PS, Fonarow GC, Long CS

Restoration of CREB function is linked to completion and stabilization of adaptive cardiac hypertrophy in response to exercise.

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology

Watson PA, Reusch JE, McCune SA, Leinwand LA, Luckey SW, Konhilas JP, Brown DA, Chicco AJ, Sparagna GC, Long CS, Moore RL

Prevalence of desmin mutations in dilated cardiomyopathy.

Circulation

Taylor MR, Slavov D, Ku L, Di Lenarda A, Sinagra G, Carniel E, Haubold K, Boucek MM, Ferguson D, Graw SL, Zhu X, Cavanaugh J, Sucharov CC, Long CS, Bristow MR, Lavori P, Mestroni L

IL-1beta stimulates rat cardiac fibroblast migration via MAP kinase pathways.

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology

Mitchell MD, Laird RE, Brown RD, Long CS

Right ventricular function and failure: report of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute working group on cellular and molecular mechanisms of right heart failure.

Circulation

Voelkel NF, Quaife RA, Leinwand LA, Barst RJ, McGoon MD, Meldrum DR, Dupuis J, Long CS, Rubin LJ, Smart FW, Suzuki YJ, Gladwin M, Denholm EM, Gail DB

The PPAR-alpha activator fenofibrate fails to provide myocardial protection in ischemia and reperfusion in pigs.

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology

Xu Y, Lu L, Greyson C, Rizeq M, Nunley K, Wyatt B, Bristow MR, Long CS, Schwartz GG

Yin Yang 1 represses alpha-myosin heavy chain gene expression in pathologic cardiac hypertrophy.

Biochemical and biophysical research communications

Mariner PD, Luckey SW, Long CS, Sucharov CC, Leinwand LA

The cardiac fibroblast: therapeutic target in myocardial remodeling and failure.

Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

Brown RD, Ambler SK, Mitchell MD, Long CS

PPAR-gamma activation fails to provide myocardial protection in ischemia and reperfusion in pigs.

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology

Xu Y, Gen M, Lu L, Fox J, Weiss SO, Brown RD, Perlov D, Ahmad H, Zhu P, Greyson C, Long CS, Schwartz GG

The cardiac fibroblast, another therapeutic target for mending the broken heart?

Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology

Long CS, Brown RD

Cardiotrophin-1 in heart failure.

Circulation

Bristow MR, Long CS

Expression of TR isoforms in failing human heart.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism

Kinugawa K, Long CS, Bristow MR

Regulation of thyroid hormone receptor isoforms in physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy.

Circulation research

Kinugawa K, Yonekura K, Ribeiro RC, Eto Y, Aoyagi T, Baxter JD, Camacho SA, Bristow MR, Long CS, Simpson PC

Signaling pathways responsible for fetal gene induction in the failing human heart: evidence for altered thyroid hormone receptor gene expression.

Circulation

Kinugawa K, Minobe WA, Wood WM, Ridgway EC, Baxter JD, Ribeiro RC, Tawadrous MF, Lowes BA, Long CS, Bristow MR

The Ultraviolet Index: a useful tool.

Dermatology online journal

Kinney JP, Long CS

IL-1 beta increases abundance and activity of the negative transcriptional regulator yin yang-1 (YY1) in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes.

Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology

Patten M, Wang W, Aminololama-Shakeri S, Burson M, Long CS

Post-infarction heart failure in the rat is associated with distinct alterations in cardiac myocyte molecular phenotype.

Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology

Yue P, Long CS, Austin R, Chang KC, Simpson PC, Massie BM

Cytokine expression increases in nonmyocytes from rats with postinfarction heart failure.

The American journal of physiology

Yue P, Massie BM, Simpson PC, Long CS

Alterations in skeletal muscle gene expression in the rat with chronic congestive heart failure.

Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology

Simonini A, Massie BM, Long CS, Qi M, Samarel AM

Interleukin-1 beta induces cardiac myocyte growth but inhibits cardiac fibroblast proliferation in culture.

The Journal of clinical investigation

Palmer JN, Hartogensis WE, Patten M, Fortuin FD, Long CS

Distribution of alpha 1C-adrenergic receptor mRNA in adult rat tissues by RNase protection assay and comparison with alpha 1B and alpha 1D.

Biochemical and biophysical research communications

Rokosh DG, Bailey BA, Stewart AF, Karns LR, Long CS, Simpson PC

A growth factor for cardiac myocytes is produced by cardiac nonmyocytes.

Cell regulation

Long CS, Henrich CJ, Simpson PC

Adrenergic hormones and control of cardiac myocyte growth.

Molecular and cellular biochemistry

Simpson PC, Kariya K, Karns LR, Long CS, Karliner JS

Sympathetic activity: modulator of myocardial hypertrophy.

Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology

Long CS, Kariya K, Karns L, Simpson PC

Trophic factors for cardiac myocytes.

Journal of hypertension. Supplement : official journal of the International Society of Hypertension

Long CS, Kariya K, Karns L, Simpson PC

Transcription of early developmental isogenes in cardiac myocyte hypertrophy.

Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology

Simpson PC, Long CS, Waspe LE, Henrich CJ, Ordahl CP

Transcriptional repression of an embryo-specific muscle gene.

Developmental biology

Long CS, Ordahl CP

Perioperative nursing. A special project.

AORN journal

Barness SK, Long CS